东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀的对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一，但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此，本研究基于室内模拟试验，设计2个降雨强度（50和100 mm/h）以及2种垄作方式（斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作），分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明：（1）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%；但在45 min的降雨过程中，由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象，造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。（2）斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%，但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大，其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。（3）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01），而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著（P>0.05）；而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。（4）在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此，提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生，是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

壶瓶枣果实生长动态与气象因子的关系

为了研究枣果实生长发育动态及其与气象因子的关系,以10年生密植壶瓶枣为试材,利用DD-S植物生长动态仪测定了果实的纵横径,对果园内各气象因子进行了同步检测,并分析了果实的生长变化规律及其与气象因子的相关关系。结果表明:枣果实生长期内其纵横径与果形指数日均值的变化密切相关,两者均呈波浪形变化;果实膨大期枣果纵横径日变化曲线呈"N"型,成熟期枣果纵横径日变化曲线呈"V"型;果实生长期枣果受到的不同气象因子的影响都较大。     

切-双纵流脱分装置试验研究与分析

阐述了切-双纵轴流脱粒分离装置的结构组成及工作原理,基于切-双纵流联合收获机,以喂入量、切流滚筒间隙及滚筒转速为影响因子,脱粒破碎率及脱粒损失率为指标,进行田间性能试验,并利用极差分析分别对破碎率、脱粒损失率单影响因子进行分析。结果表明:对脱粒破碎率影响的主次因素为BCA,即切流滚筒转速纵轴流滚筒转速喂入量,最佳组合为切流滚筒间隙25/30mm、滚筒转速907/1 043r/min、喂入量10.2 kg/s;对脱粒损失率影响的主次因素为BAC,即切流滚筒间隙喂入量滚筒转速,最佳组合为切流滚筒间隙25/30mm、喂入量10.2kg/s、滚筒转速953/1 096r/min。     

The method for designing the profile of forest roads supported by genetic algorithm

This study examines a method for designing an optimum profile of a forest road in a short matter of time. In this method, a genetic algorithm (GA) searches for points where the gradient changes and dynamic programing (DP) designs the longitudinal slope. This method can be applied to the ground heights of an actual forest road. The evaluation function of the DP assesses the total expenditure. The inverse of this function is the fitness function. Crossover and mutation are operators of an evolution simulation of a GA. They are each repeated 20 times and 420 profiles are designed and assessed, all within about 10 min. A comparison of the profile designed by the GA with that of an actual forest road shows only one section where the formation level differed substantially. Overall, both profiles seem to show a high degree of correspondence. From this result, we believe that the profile designed by the GA is best, or the one of the best. A conventional method takes about 65 h to calculate all changing points of gradients. However, by using the GA, the calculation time was reduced to about 1/389 that of the coventional method, showing that the method which uses the GA through the profile design is very useful.     

二灰碎石半刚性基层沥青路面横裂缝起因的探讨

本文针对在施工中混凝土路面出现的干缩裂缝、横向断板及纵向断板产生的原因进行分析,并提出了相应的预防措施。     

信息技术用于汽车纵梁制造的探讨

文章以为汽车行业的健康发展提供指导和借鉴为目的,主要对汽车的纵梁平面图纸集成化制造中诸如参数提取、纵梁3D模型构建技术和Agent的网络集成技术的应用方法等进行了相关论述,以此为实现汽车行业的可持续发展而做出贡献。     

纵轴流风筛式清选装置性能纵向分布规律的研究

利用自行研制的纵轴流风筛式清选装置试验台,对不同离心风机转速、不同离心风机出口倾角和不同曲柄转速影响下的筛下物和含杂率沿筛子纵向分布规律进行了试验研究,得到筛下物总质量、籽粒质量、杂余质量和含杂率沿筛子纵向的分布规律,对于指导生产具有重要意义。     

地基差异沉降时管道的纵向力学性状分析

软土地基的不均匀沉降将导致管道纵向力学性状的变化，产生破坏管道的应力响应，从而引发工程事故。针对地基产生差异沉降的实际管道，通过建立较为合理的力学模型，分析其受力特性，计算管道上的最大挠度、转角、弯矩及确定出应力集中的危险受力区域。通过对该结果的研究，绘制相应关系曲线，为解决由于地基不均匀沉降引起的管道渗漏和爆管等问题提供了一定的理论依据。     

Anatomical Characteristics of the Formation of Crown Root Primordia in Unelongated Stems of Wheat

Abstract

Anatomical observations were conducted to clarify some characteristics of the crown root primordia (CRP) formation in wheat stems. Unelongated portions of main stems were sampled from the plant at 3.2 and 7.2 plant age in leaf number, which were adopted as indexes because of the similarity to rice plants. Then, serial cross sections were made to investigate the position of CRP in the unelongated stem taking into consideration the running of vascular bundles in the stem. CRP were formed just outside tissues of the peripheral cylinder of longitudinal vascular bundles. The positions of CRP were not successive along the stem axis. They showed no definite relation to the running of vascular bundles. Diameters of CRP at the upper portion of the stems were larger than those at the lower portion. The positions of CRP along the stem axis were not distinguishable into nodal and internodal position. CRP and emerged CRs were not classified by the well-known ‘nodal root’ or ‘shoot unit root’, or the ‘unit’, which have been applied recently to rice plants. Further studies are necessary to clarify the factors controlling CRP formation anatomically and quantitatively.